Presentation  Presentation  

Summary

Where Veneto is heading: new mobility patterns



Veneto: sharing facts

Chapter 1

The cycles and structure of the economic system
The current situation
The mobility of the economic system
The figures tell the story

Chapter 2

Trade and corporate mobility
Imports and exports
Veneto's mobile businesses
The figures tell the story

Chapter 3

Production trends
The situation for businesses
Restructuring of sectors
Corporate mobility: innovation and survival
Local trends
The figures tell the story

Chapter 4

The various facets of mobility
Real mobility
Virtual mobility
Mobility for healthcare
The figures tell the story

Chapter 5

Labour: changing market
The many facets of employment
Worker flexibility
The figures tell the story

Chapter 6

Social competition: inherited advantages and new opportunities
Changes in social classes
Making a move towards equality
The figures tell the story

Chapter 7

The centres of development of human capital
Choice of secondary school
The appeal of university
Regional mobility
The figures tell the story

Chapter 8

The migrant population from past to present
The figures tell the story

Chapter 9

Culture in Veneto
Mobility of cultural heritage
Live entertainment
The figures tell the story

Chapter 10

Tourism and tourist flows
New trends
Veneto residents on holiday
The Veneto tourism economy
The figures tell the story

Chapter 11

Mobility within agriculture
The evolution of Veneto agriculture
The guarantees of Veneto's food system
The figures tell the story

Chapter 12

Forests: the mobility of Veneto's deep-rooted heritage
The figures tell the story



Veneto: comparing facts

Chapter 13

Veneto and its provinces

Chapter 14

Veneto, its competitors and European regions


3.4 Local trends

Top  Manufacturing

Veneto's economy has always stood out on account of its performance and its structure, which is made up of mainly small enterprises operating in specialised areas. Therefore, we thought it would be interesting to look at local production clusters to identify the groups of municipalities in which a particular activity predominates. We wanted to identify the areas that could be defined "districts" in Marshall's use of the term. In the second half of the 19th century, he used described the textile areas of Lancashire and Sheffield in the United Kingdom. Paraphrasing him, he said that industrial districts are a social and economic entity made up of a set of businesses, generally part of the same production sector; they are located in a circumscribed area where they collaborate but also compete. The two aspects of this definition that are particularly relevant are specialisation in a specific product category and concentration in a particular area.
Note that when we speak of production clusters, we are not simply referring to the concept of the industrial district (Note 1), which in Veneto is governed by Regional Law L.R. no. 8/2003 and updated by L.R. no. 5/2006, as industrial districts are not bound by geographical proximity. What we identify here are essentially areas that contain a high number of businesses belonging to the same sector, one that is frequently highly specialised. We classified businesses into economic classes that would provide an overall picture of the major areas of Italy's production industry. As a starting point, we took the concept of the four major branches of Italy's economy, which Fortis (Note 2) divides as follows: food, clothing and fashion, furniture, and automated and mechanical goods. Taking into consideration these four types of activity and Veneto's particular structure, which is characterised by a long tradition of artisan businesses and small industries on one hand and by big businesses on the other, we drew up a classification (Note 3) comprising the main sectors of the region's manufacturing industry. These areas are: the mechanical sector, i.e. the production of machinery, plants and mechanical equipment; the optical and electronics sector: i.e. the production of machinery, plants and electronic and optical equipment, which is traditionally important for Veneto's economy; the food sector: i.e. food and tobacco, excluding actual farms, which are not considered part of the manufacturing industry; the furniture sector: i.e. the furniture and wood industry, as well as household appliances and ceramics for home and ornamental use; the fashion sector: i.e. textiles, clothing and leather tanning, including the production of footwear, sports apparel, jewellery and watches; and the metal sector: which includes the manufacture of metal products, excluding plants and machinery.
Various statistical and administrative sources for these sectors were combined with data for different periods. Italy's local unit register (Asia-Unità Locali), which is compiled by ISTAT, is the main source for analysing production units, and is currently available for the region for 2002-2006. Analysis of business location shows that the central stretch of Veneto is characterised by a dense and uninterrupted metropolitan distribution of production units, with the provincial capitals as its central hubs. The whole of Veneto, however, stands out because of its specialised production areas and small businesses.
Analysis of sector clusters has shown that there are certain areas in which one particular type of production dominates. In a lot of these areas we can find the manufacturing districts which make up the traditional regional economy and which are well known on an international scale.
The most interesting sectors appear to be ceramics and cement, which are highly concentrated in the Verona area (they do also feature in two other non-adjacent areas) and are what the Federazione dei Distretti Italiani (Federation of Italian Districts) and L.R. no. 8 of 4 April 2003 (Note 4) define as "a marble and stone district (Note 5)";
  1. the optical sector is almost entirely concentrated in the province of Belluno, at least in terms of the highest number of local units (Note 6);
  2. the furniture and fashion sectors appear in high concentrations in several areas throughout the region, as do the automated and mechanical goods sector and the electronics sector;
  3. the metal sector is the most widespread in terms of prevalence and is concentrated in macro-areas that often border areas where the mechanical sector predominates.

The food sector is one of the sectors with limited concentration and it is restricted to a few municipalities, including Valdobbiadene, which is the area where Controlled Designation of Origin Prosecco (Note 7) wine is made. The food sector is more concentrated in mainly tourist areas, such as a few municipalities in the Belluno or Verona mountains, the areas around Lake Garda or in the beach areas in north-east Veneto. (Figure 3.4.1).
Analysis confirms that Vicenza, Padova and Treviso are the most developed provinces. They have the highest number of specialised areas as well as the highest number of employees and local units. These provinces have the most potential for competition in that they include areas that boast a wealth of industry, as well as an economic history and production tradition that has made them famous both worldwide and nationwide. The province of Vicenza has a high number of mechanical and metal businesses; but the textile sector is not to be undervalued here as it appears in a range of specialised forms. The furniture sector, however, has a very low presence. Matters change in the province of Treviso, which is characterised by the high presence of furniture and fashion businesses; it also contains clusters of metal and electro-mechanical businesses. Padova specialises mainly in metal and mechanical businesses, and has major areas of textile businesses, but it has a very low presence of furniture businesses.
Venezia and Verona should not be overlooked as their general figures are in line with regional averages, but they also contain highly specialised areas of production that are no less important than the ones in central Veneto. Verona has major areas of textile, mechanical, metal, joinery, and food businesses, but really it is the region's main area for ceramics and cement. Venezia has a less developed presence of textile and mechanical businesses, but it is a major contributor to other sectors such as glass (furniture), shipbuilding (vehicles) and metal in general.
Although Belluno is important for the optical sector, there is a distinct lack of clusters, industries and employees from all other sectors; it is making something of a name for itself as a joinery area, but this is mainly concentrated in small municipalities with a low output, which means that they are not very competitive a) by definition and b) on account of their geographical configuration. Rovigo, however, is highly specialised in textiles, although provincial figures do not show this. This province's number of employees and local units do not suggest that that it is an important area in the fashion industry, yet it is not made up of small, non-manufacturing municipalities either; this suggests that there is a high concentration of textile and clothing businesses in this province, but that the number is much lower than in the other areas of the region.
Below is more detailed analysis of the individual sectors in the context of their economic size.
The metal industry
The metal industry is the most developed manufacturing sector in Veneto. In 2008, there were 12,917 Veneto businesses active in this sector, up 1.3% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 11% of Italy's metal industry and 2.8% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 6.8% of the regional total; the average is 9 employees per local unit, nearly 5 above the regional average, but just under the average size of 9.6 employees in manufacturing. (Table 3.4.1).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows a greater stability of this sector compared to other kinds of firms in Veneto: 78.6% of the businesses in 2002 were still active in 2006 (74.9% for businesses in Veneto in general).
In economic terms the metal industry produced 4.6% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed 13.6% of the sector's production on a national level. In the period 2000-2006, significant growth in value added has been estimated using 2000 prices, therefore adjusting for the effect of inflation, while for the two-year period 2005-2006 a slight decline has been calculated.
Foreign trade in the sector experienced alternating phases, until it reached a 13% share of national exports in the sector in 2007. The metal industry remains one of the leading sectors in international markets. The leading markets are Germany, France and the United Kingdom, but Russia and Turkey are growing rapidly. (Figure 3.4.2) and (Figure 3.4.3).
Geographical analysis reveals sectoral specialisation in the province of Vicenza, which has the largest number of the industry's local units and employees and exports 43.5% of Veneto's metal products. Treviso also stands out for its high productive potential: 3 local units in the sector per 1000 residents.
The cluster map reveals that the metal industry is one of the most widespread and that it covers vast areas; it is especially prevalent in the central section of Veneto, in which metal treatment and general engineering, plus metal building components, are concentrated in adjoining, if not overlapping, municipalities, probably because of the strong correlation between the two activities.
The map of exporters at municipal level reveals massive levels of exporting, especially in the provincial capitals of Verona, Vicenza, Treviso and Venezia, as well as in the surrounding areas.
The fashion industry
In 2008, there were 12,451 Veneto businesses active in this sector, up 3.9% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 11.3% of Italy's fashion industry and 2.8% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 6.6% of the regional total; the average is 9.5 employees per local unit, nearly 6 above the regional average, and in line with the average size of 9.6 employees in manufacturing. (Table 3.4.2).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows a higher rate of failure in this sector compared to other kinds of businesses in Veneto: at one year, the survival rate stands at about 90% (92% for Veneto businesses overall), at two years it stands at 80% (86%), at three years at over 72% (80%), and at four years at 65.9% (74.9%).
In economic terms, the fashion industry produced 4.4% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed 17.6% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, i.e. using 2000 prices, value added in the sector fell between 2000 and 2006 despite substantial growth in the two-year period 2005-2006.
Although foreign trade in the sector has experienced alternating phases since 2000, its exports have increased considerably; the fashion industry vaunts a 22.5% share of national exports and remains one of the leading sectors in international markets. The leading markets are Germany, France and the United States, but Russia and China are growing rapidly. (Figure 3.4.4) and (Figure 3.4.5).
Geographical analysis shows the fashion industry is spread throughout Veneto, but highlights sectoral specialisation in the province of Vicenza, which has the highest number of local units. Here 48 out of 1000 residents work in this sector. The province of Vicenza exports 41.9% of Veneto's fashion goods, followed by Treviso with 30%. The province of Rovigo stands out for its high productive potential: 3.7 local units in the sector per 1000 residents.
At first glance there is a limited, but well-defined, number of clusters; the areas on the boundary between Vicenza and Verona specialised in tanning stand out clearly, as do those for the production of gold jewellery in Vicenza and shoe-making along the Riviera del Brenta as well as in several municipalities of the provinces of Treviso and Verona; and lastly in the province of Rovigo there are clusters of clothing manufacturers.
The map of exporters at municipal level highlights major export activity mainly in the municipalities shown on the previous map.
The furniture industry
In 2008, there were 12,231 Veneto businesses active in this sector, down 0.7% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 12.6% of Italy's furniture industry and 2.6% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 5% of the regional total; the average is 6.8 employees per local unit, nearly 3 above the regional average, but under the average size in manufacturing of 9.6 employees. (Table 3.4.3)
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows a greater stability of this sector compared to other kinds of firms in Veneto: at one year, the survival rate stands at about 94% (92% for Veneto businesses overall), at two years it stands at 88% (86%), at three years at over 82% (80%), and at four years at 77.5% (74.9%).
In economic terms, the furniture industry produced 2.4% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed 17.3% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, i.e. using 2000 prices, it is estimated that value added in the sector fell between 2000 and 2006, while it experienced modest growth in the two-year period 2005-2006.
Trade in furniture has increased considerably since 2000, with Veneto products accounting for 21.1% of national exports in this sector. Germany, France, the United Kingdom and the United States are the main markets, but Russia and the Ukraine are also becoming increasingly important. (Figure 3.4.6) and (Figure 3.4.7).
An analysis of geographical distribution shows a high level of specialisation in the furniture sector in the province of Treviso. This province vaunts the highest number of local units and of employees in this sector, also in relation to the number of residents, and it exports 52.8% of Veneto furniture.
The cluster map shows it is a sector which is concentrated into a few large areas in Veneto; Belluno stands out for its areas specialising in joinery, as do Treviso and the lower halves of the provinces of Padova and Verona for their high numbers of furniture factories.
The map of exporters shows an intense level of exports mainly in the municipalities highlighted in the previous map, with the addition of Venezia, which produces and sells glass products to foreign markets.
The mechanical industry
In 2008, there were 6,173 Veneto businesses active in this sector, up 1.7% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 12.6% of Italy's mechanical industry and 1.3% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 4.7% of the regional total; the average is about 13.7 employees per local unit, nearly 10 above the regional average and four above the average size of 9.6 employees in manufacturing. (Table 3.4.4).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows a greater stability of this sector compared to other kinds of firms in Veneto: more than 78% of the businesses in 2002 were still active in 2006 (74.9% for businesses in Veneto in general).
In economic terms the mechanical industry produced 4.3% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed 15.7% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, substantial growth in value added is estimated both in the long term from 2000-2006 (Note 8), and in the last two-year period.
Trade in mechanical products has increased considerably since 2000, with Veneto products accounting for 14.2% of national exports in this sector and it is one of Veneto's leading sectors in international markets.
The leading markets are Germany, France and Spain, but Russia, Turkey and Poland are growing rapidly. (Figure 3.4.8) and (Figure 3.4.9).
Geographical analysis shows sectoral specialisation in some provinces: Vicenza, Padova and Treviso have the highest number of local units in the sector; Verona has the most employees, but Treviso is the largest exporter. Vicenza has the highest productive potential: 2 local units in the sector per 1000 residents. The map of production clusters shows municipalities where local units for mechanical and electronic production outnumber all the others. The mechanical and electronic sectors are considered together because their supply chains overlap considerably. This activity is predominant in 68 out of 581 municipalities. Many small specialised areas can be observed for certain activities: "engines, generators and electric transformers", "electrical equipment", "medical and surgical equipment". There are areas in which businesses are classified generally as producers of "general-purpose machinery" that are internationally recognised districts, e.g. the "mechanical and electronics" area in Vicenza and the "air-conditioning and industrial refrigeration" area in Padova.
The map of exports at municipal level reveals intense and widespread exports, especially along the east-west ridge of the region and around its provincial capitals.
The optical and electronics industry
In 2008, there were 6,082 Veneto businesses active in this sector, up 0.8% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 10.6% of Italy's optical and electronics industry. The industry's employees account for about 3.7% of the regional total; the average is 9.8 employees per local unit, nearly 6 above the regional average and in line with the average size of 9.6 employees in manufacturing. (Table 3.4.5).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows a trend similar to that of other kinds of firms in Veneto: 75.9% of the businesses active in 2002 were still active in 2006, a share that exceeds the average regional figure by one percentage point (74.9%).
In economic terms the optical and electronics industry produced 2.7% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed 15.1% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, substantial growth in value added is estimated both in the long term from 2000-2006 and in the last two-year period. Trade in optical and electronic products has increased considerably since 2000, with Veneto products accounting for 18% of national exports in this sector, making it a leading sector in regional exports. The main markets are USA, Germany, France and Spain, but China, Russia and Turkey have increased considerably (Figure 3.4.10).
Geographical analysis shows sectoral specialisation in some provinces: Vicenza, Padova and Treviso are the locations with the highest number of local units in the sector. The province of Belluno, thanks to the presence of several important eyewear businesses, is first in regional exports (30.8%). Belluno has the highest productive potential: almost 3 local units in the sector per 1000 residents.
The map of exporters at municipal levels shows intense and widespread exports, especially in the province of Belluno and across the central strip of Veneto.
The food industry
In 2008, there were 7,368 Veneto businesses active in this sector, up 2.5% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 6.9% of Italy's food industry and 1.6% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 2.6% of the regional total; the average is 8.2 employees per local unit, nearly 4 above the regional average, but below the average size of 9.6 employees in manufacturing. (Table 3.4.6).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows a greater stability of the food sector compared to other kinds of firms in Veneto: at one year the rate stands at about 94% (92% for Veneto businesses overall), at two years it is higher than 88% (85%), at three years it is 83.5% (80%), and at four years it is 79% (74.9%).
In economic terms the food industry produced 1.8% of the total wealth of Veneto and contributed 9.6% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, i.e. using 2000 prices, value added in the sector fell between 2000 and 2006 and recorded substantial growth in the two-year period 2005-2006.
Trade in food (including wine) has increased considerably since 2000 and vaunts a 13% share of national exports in the sector. The main markets are Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, the United States and France, although exports to Slovenia, the Netherlands and Denmark have risen considerably. (Figure 3.4.11) and (Figure 3.4.12).
Geographical analysis shows sectoral specialisation in some provinces: Padova and Treviso have the highest number of local units in the food sector, but Verona has the highest number of industry employees, also per number of residents, and exports 47.7% of Veneto food products. Rovigo has the highest productive potential: 1.5 local units in the sector per 1000 residents.
The map shows that local units for food production outnumber all the others in particular to the west of Verona, in the east of the province of Venezia and to the south-east of Padova.
The map of exporters at municipal level (those working with food products, such as wine, are also considered) shows a high level of exports, especially from municipalities to the north of Treviso, east of Verona and those around the Venetian lagoon.

Top  The tertiary sector

It would now be interesting to see how the region's main service businesses are distributed in order to see whether the third sector is also concentrated in several areas or whether it too is located around the above-mentioned manufacturing areas.
We shall also be talking about districts in this case too, although to a lesser extent, and once again we shall not make explicit reference to them in that we consider only areas in which there is a high specialisation and major clusters.
After classifying the business by activity, we built a series of sectors that contained all of the activities in the world of market services: the tourism sector, which includes hotels, campsites, restaurants, bars, canteens, agencies, and tourist operators in general; the research, development and innovation sector, which includes telecommunications (but not the postal system), Information Technology and its associated activities, technical inspections, space transport, and research and development in its strictest sense; the transport and logistics sector, which was built by trying to combine all types of transport and logistics, including post and couriers, road, pipeline, air and water transport, general storage, rental of vehicles and household goods (Note 9) ; the financial services sector, which includes finance, insurance and monetary brokerage; business services, which include services devoted to business in the strictest sense, i.e. all legal and consultancy activities, engineering and architecture firms, advertising, sourcing and managing human resources, and renting miscellaneous machinery and equipment; the real-estate service sector, which includes buying and selling services and the renting and management of real estate in general.
Analysis does not include the trade sector, which is so widespread throughout the region that it could have produced misleading results for all sectors in terms of prevalence.
We managed to identify the municipalities in which the above sectors outnumber the others in terms of employees (Note 10).
The tourism sector is prevalent in 238 municipalities, followed by business services, which are prevalent in 188 municipalities concentrated around the region's provincial capitals. Tourism is a hallmark of the mountain and coastal areas, but it also emerges in other areas, especially around the River Po and the town of Abano Terme (Note 11). The transport sector is prevalent in 132 municipalities and is still very common across a central swathe of the region and on the boundaries between Padova, Venezia and Rovigo.
Business services
In 2008, there were 59,678 Veneto businesses active in this sector, up 3.2% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 10.2% of Italy's business-service industry and 12.9% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 12.6% of the regional total; the average is 2.4 employees per local unit, nearly 2 below the regional average and almost 1 below the average size of 3.1 employees in services overall. (Table 3.4.7).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows that survival rates reflect the trend for Veneto businesses overall: at one year the rate stands at around 92%, at two years it is about 86%, at three years it is higher than 81%, and at four years it is 76.8%.
In economic terms the business-service industry produced 21% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed almost 9% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, substantial growth in value added is estimated both in the long term, up 40% from 2000-2006, and in the last two-year period, up 4.2%.
Geographical analysis shows sectoral specialisation in the provinces across the centre of Veneto: Padova, Treviso, Verona, Vicenza and Venezia are the locations with the highest number of local units and employees in the sector. Productive potential, i.e. local units as a percentage of the population, is considered to be an indicator of a municipality's economic potential. On average, Veneto has 21.5 local units in this sector per 1000 residents. Padova has the highest value: 25 local units in the sector per 1000 residents.
The region has a density of 5.6 business-service enterprises per kmq, with a peak in the province of Padova, 10.4 enterprises per kmq, where 32% of municipalities have a density higher than the regional average. The provinces of Treviso, Venezia, Vicenza and Verona also have a higher density than the regional average.
The average size is very low and it exceeds the region's sectoral average (2.4 employees per local unit) only in the provincial capitals and in the surrounding municipalities in general. (Figure 3.4.13).
The cluster map reveals that 188 out of 581 Veneto municipalities have business services as the prevalent activity: the area involved is mainly in the centre of Veneto, and only the coastal and mountain areas, with some exceptions, have none. Business services are generally concentrated around the provincial capitals and along the axes that connect them. Two activities, in particular, are present around the provincial capitals: "Architecture, engineering and other technical firms" (55 municipalities out of 188) and services labelled "Legal, accounting, plus tax and business consultancy; market research and opinion polls; marketing and management consultancy" (52 municipalities). (Figure 3.4.14).
The map of occupational potential (Note 12) represents the number of company employees as a percentage of the municipality's population size. Veneto has about 52.4 employees in business services per 1000 residents, a figure that is generally true of the municipalities along the east-west ridge of the region and is then exceeded in the provinces of Padova (60.9), Venezia (54.8) and Treviso (52.7).
Transport services
In 2008, there were 16,732 Veneto businesses active in this sector, down 1.1% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 8.9% of Italy's transport industry and 3.6% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 4.2% of the regional total; the average is 5.7 employees per local unit, 1.7 higher than the regional average and 2.7 higher than the average size of 3.1 employees in services overall. (Table 3.4.8).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows that survival rates reflect the trend for Veneto businesses overall: at one year the rate stands at 92%, at two years it is about 85.5%, at three years it is between 79% and 80%, and at four years it is 74.1%.
In economic terms the transport industry produced 6.6% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed 8.3% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, value added in the sector is estimated to rise considerably in the long term, 33.8% from 2000-2006, while the figure in the last year fell by 1.7%.
Geographical analysis shows sectoral specialisation in the provinces across the centre of Veneto: Padova, Treviso, Verona, and Venezia are the locations with the highest number of local units and employees in the sector. Productive potential in the transport sector is 4 local units per 1000 residents; Venezia has the highest value with 4.5 local units in the sector per 1000 residents.
In 2005 the region had a density of 1 transport business per kmq, with a peak in the province of Padova, 1.7 businesses per kmq, where 63.5% of municipalities have a density higher than the regional average. The provinces of Venezia, Treviso, Verona and Vicenza also have a density higher than the regional average.
The average size of transport businesses is very low and it exceeds the region's sectoral average of 5.7 employees per local units in few municipalities, which include the provincial capitals and the larger municipalities. (Figure 3.4.15).
The cluster map reveals that 132 out of 581 Veneto municipalities have transport and logistics services as the prevalent activity: the major areas are municipalities that are spread throughout the region, fairly close to the provincial capitals, but not actually including them in that the main clusters regard other sectors. The mountain and coastal regions do not have any municipalities in which there is a major cluster in this sector. Transport and logistics services include two main activities: "Non-rail road transport", especially in the provinces of Vicenza, Padova, Treviso and Rovigo, and services labelled "Freight movement and storage", which regard more than one municipality only in the provinces of Verona, Vicenza and Rovigo. (Figure 3.4.16).
Veneto has 22.3 transport employees per 1000 residents, a figure that is generally true of the municipalities along the east-west ridge of the region and some mountain municipalities. The regional average for occupational potential is then exceeded in the provinces of Venezia (31.9), Verona (29.2) and Padova (23.5).
Tourism businesses
In 2008, there were 23,405 Veneto businesses active in this sector, up 2.1% on the previous year; Veneto businesses make up 8.7% of Italy's tourism industry and 5.1% of Veneto's entire business fabric. The industry's employees account for 6.7% of the regional total; the average is 4.2 employees per local unit, in line with the regional average and about 1 higher than the average size of 3.1 employees in services overall.(Table 3.4.9).
Analysis of the survival of active businesses from 2002 into the following years shows that survival rates are slightly lower than the trend for Veneto businesses overall: 70.6% of businesses active in 2002 were still active in 2006, a figure lower than the 74.9% regional average.
In economic terms the tourism industry produced 4.5% of Veneto's total wealth and contributed 11.3% of the sector's production on a national level. Adjusting the data for the effect of inflation, substantial growth in value added is estimated both in the long term, up 19% from 2000-2006, and in the last two-year period, up 2%.
Geographical analysis shows sectoral specialisation in the provinces across the centre of Veneto: Venezia and Verona are the locations with the highest number of local units and employees in the tourism industry, followed some way behind by Padova, Vicenza and Treviso. On average Veneto has 5.8 local units in the tourism industry per 1000 residents; the highest figures were in the province of Belluno, with 9.2 local units per 1000 residents.
The region has a density of 1.5 tourism enterprises per kmq, with a peak in the province of Venezia, 2.8 enterprises per kmq, where 55% of the municipalities have a higher density than the regional average. The provinces of Padova, Verona and Treviso also have a higher density than the regional average.
The average size is very low and it exceeds the region's sectoral average of 4.2 employees per local unit in few municipalities, mainly along the coast of the province of Venezia, some mountain municipalities and others in the area around Lake Garda. Sizes higher than the regional average can be found in some hill municipalities and others at the foot of the mountains in the provinces of Padova, Vicenza and Treviso. (Figure 3.4.17).
This sector outnumbers the others in 238 municipalities and draws a map pinpointing the region's main tourist destinations: the beach resorts in Venezia and Rovigo, plus the region's mountains, lakes and spas. Other areas also stand out for the hallmarks of their environment: some hill areas in the provinces of Treviso and Verona and the areas around the River Po in the province of Rovigo. (Figure 3.4.18).
Veneto has about 24.2 tourism employees per 1000 residents. The region's average occupational potential is exceeded in the provinces of Venezia (40.3), Belluno (35.8) and Verona (24.7), which have very high figures due to the major contribution made by the coastal and mountain areas, as well as those around Lake Garda.

Figure 3.4.1
Prevalence of the manufacturing sector by number of local units per municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.1
Survival rate of active businesses in the metal sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.2
Cluster map of the metal industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.3
The value of metal-industry exports by municipality Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.2
Survival rate of active businesses in the fashion sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.4
Cluster map of the fashion industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.5
The value of fashion-industry exports by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.3
Survival rate of active businesses in the furniture sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.6
Cluster map of the furniture industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.7
The value of furniture-industry exports by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.4
Survival rate of active businesses in the mechanical sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.8
Cluster map of the mechanical and electronic automation sectors by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.9
The value of mechanical-industry exports by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.5
Survival rate of active businesses in the optical and electronics sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.10
The value of optical-and-electronics-industry exports by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.6
Survival rate of active businesses in the food sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.11
Cluster map of the food industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.12
The value of food-industry exports by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.7
Survival rate of active businesses in the business-service sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.13
Cluster map of the business-service industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.14
Occupational potential of the business-service industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.8
Survival rate of active businesses in the transport sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.15
Cluster map of the transport industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.16
Occupational potential in the transport industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Table 3.4.9
Survival rate of active businesses in the tourism sector in Veneto in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
Figure 3.4.17
Cluster map of the tourist industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006
Figure 3.4.18
Occupational potential in the tourist industry by municipality. Veneto - Year 2006

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English translation by the University of Padova Language Centre.